INS and diabetes mellitus: In WFS1 (OMIM#222300), the genetic etiology of Wolfram syndrome, NDM was not described in patients with recessive loss of function, even while early start diabetes is a key hallmark of this multi-system disease (De Franco et al., 2017).The genetic contribution of WFS1 in promoting to the risk of diabetes is minimal and can be achieved if an insulin secretion impairment is granted (Florez et al., 2008).