In addition, Palma et al. [105] reported that the mRNA levels of glutathione s-transferase alpha 1 (GSTA1), CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) and pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase 1 (PCBD1) in urinary extracellular vesicles were lower in patients with RCC than those in controls, and the mRNA levels of these three genes returned to normal 1 month after nephrectomy. Here, PCBD1 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.