TDH and infection: Infections that are caused by V. parahaemolyticus in the US and Mexico have historically been associated with the O4:K12 serotype [6]; however, after the first outbreak of a novel O3:K6 clone (O3:K6/tdh+/trh−), reported in India in 1996, the O3:K6 clone spread throughout Southeast Asia and various geographical zones, including countries in the American continent, resulting in a pandemic event [7] and becoming the most common serotype that was associated with infection, globally [1].