TGFB1 and neoplasm: In clinical practice, increased TGF-β in the early stages is associated with a promising prognosis, but in progressed tumors, it is associated with increased tumor invasiveness and dedifferentiation, suggesting that TGF-β initially restrains hepatocellular carcinoma via its tumor-suppressive effects but may later aggravate the malignancy due to its pro-oncogenic functions [38].