TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Furthermore, the Lactobacillus plantarum NK3 and Bifidobacterium longum NK49 could mitigate obesity and osteoporosis in mice by suppressing the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gut microbiota and downregulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-linked tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression [71].