NFKB1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Inhibition of proteasome activity is known to critically affect the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB [42], and this was shown also for artemisinin, which inhibited NF-κB -regulated nitric oxide synthase and LPS or cytokine-induced activation of NF-κB in human astrocytoma cells [144] or in microglial cells [145].