HLA-B and malaria: A panel of gene polymorphisms has been identified that appear to affect malaria susceptibility by modulation of the immune response or by interfering with host–parasite interactions, including HLA-B, HLA-DRB1, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-1α,β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-22, TLR4,1,6,9, ICAM-1, and complement receptor CR1.