TNF and dengue disease: As in our previous studies, the dengue patients had high plasma levels of the cytokines TNF-α (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p = 0.005), IL-10 (p < 0.001) and, IL-18 (p = 0.001) and the chemokines CXCL8/IL-8 (p < 0.001), CCL2/MCP-1 (p < 0.001), CXCL10/IP-10 (p = 0.001) compared to healthy controls (Table 2).