TNF and macrophage activation syndrome: Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is associated with cytokine storm (CS) [110], which is characterized by abnormal levels of chemokines and cytokines, both pro and anti-inflammatory ones, such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-ɑ, G-CSF, GM-CSF, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α), IFN-γ  induced protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [111].