LIF and infection: In summary, VSNJV infection significantly induced the massive expression (>10-fold) of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1A and TNF), chemokines (CCL4, CCL20, and CXCL2) and prostaglandin E and upregulated PTGS2 and immune-suppressive cytokines (IL10 and LIF), which are known to induce fever, immune suppression, and/or recruitment of immune cells.