TNF and metabolic syndrome: In a study that used MetS diet-induced rats, where it caused increases in BMI and abdominal circumference, blood glucose, triglycerides, and LDLc, and lowered the HDLc, the group that received a dose of 40 mg/kg oral gavage of CA daily for 6 weeks showcased a significant reduction in serum leptin, adiponectin, insulin, TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-8.