VCP and Leydig cell tumor: They confirmed higher VCP/p97 expression in different types of human testicular tumors, including intratubular and testicular germ cell tumors, yolk sac tumors, embryonal carcinoma, Sertoli cell tumors and Leydig cell tumors, and a negative correlation between VCP/p97 and autophagy markers (LC3B and p62) [114].