CSF2 and neoplasm: Moreover, IL-6 stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors, including Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), which affect immune and non-immune cells of the tumor microenvironment in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion [11].