CRIPTO and breast cancer: In vitro proliferation assays of NCCIT embryonal carcinoma cells and mammary tumor cell lines show CRIPTO inhibition does not reduce proliferative capacity under standard culture conditions supplemented with sufficient nutrients, however, in the presence of the inhibitory glucose mimetic, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) where CRIPTO inhibition did significantly reduce cellular proliferation, surface localization of GRP78 was increased [118].