TGFB1 and colorectal carcinoma: To date, numerous CRC STNs have been identified, including TGF-β (transforming growth factor beta), PI3K/Akt (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B), TP53 (tumour protein P53), MAPK (microtubule-associated protein kinase), Apoptosis, Cell Cycle (cell-division cycle), mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), Notch, and WNT (Wingless-related integration site) [3,11].