TGFB1 and cancer: During a chronic inflammatory condition, TGF-β1 and hypoxia activate EMT to generate activated mesenchymal cells, notably myofibroblasts associated with tissue regeneration and fibrosis [24]; however, within the context of cancer, when chronic inflammation proceeds beyond control, these EMT programs, in an unsuccessful attempt to repair the injured tissue, turn to a vicious role and destroy epithelial homeostasis through the accumulation of the extracellular matrix in fibrosis, leading to the progression of carcinomas towards the metastatic state [25].