CCL5 and neoplasm: Increased secretion of IL-6, TNFα, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL9 and GM-CSF, which are pro-inflammatory factors combined with decreased secretion of anti-inflammatory factors including IL-4, IL-28A, CCL24, CXCL12 and SCF from infected HEL299 fibroblasts, is expected to be tumor-promoting and enhance metastasis [30,43,44].