Infections such as pneumonia [23] and underlying medical conditions present in the current OHCA cohort (Table 1) such as diabetes mellitus [17], rheumatoid arthritis [24], and systemic lupus erythematosus [25] have been shown to associate with a modest increase in the plasma sPD-L1 levels. Here, SPDL1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.