All published phase II trials indicate that HIF-PHI therapy is at least as efficacious as conventional ESA therapy in managing Hb levels in both nondialysis-dependent CKD (ND-CKD and dialysis-dependent (DD-CKD) patients [55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]. This evidence concerns the gene GSTM1 and chronic kidney disease.