HAMP and anemia: The study of Theurl et al. [40] compared the levels of hepcidin in patients with anemia of chronic disease (ACD), those with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) or mixed ACD/IDA: hepcidin was increased in patients with ACD compared to control subjects, but in mixed ACD/IDA patients, hepcidin levels were comparable to those observed in IDA patients [41,42].