Furthermore, since a higher MBG level correlates with a higher GV [3], reductions in net changes in MAGE or MBG levels and increases in the time maintaining euglycemia between pre- and post-treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists, which reflect a lower GV, as described herein, represent glycemic control in patients with diabetes and can possibly predict a reduction in the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Here, GCG is linked to diabetes mellitus.