α-syn also strongly upregulates IL6 and inflammatory mediator intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in human astrocytes and in a human U-373 MG astrocytoma cell line, which is further linked to the activation of the major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway [183]. The gene discussed is ICAM1; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).