In AD patients, treatment with Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Bifidobacterium bifidum for three months improved cognitive functions and metabolic status as the probiotic treated group exhibited better Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and reduced markers of insulin metabolism, and serum levels of triglyceride and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) [148]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Alzheimer disease.