Earlier studies identified human HNSCC and lung squamous cell carcinoma enriched for NSD1 inactivating mutations and deletions that displayed an immune-cold phenotype characterized by low degree of infiltration by tumor-associated leukocytes (macrophages, CD8+ T cells) as well as low expression of immune checkpoint ligands and receptors (PD1, PDL1, PDCD1LG2) [82]. This evidence concerns the gene NSD1 and neoplasm.