Furthermore, we observed elevated expression of the inflammatory markers interleukin 1b (Il-1b), tumor necrosis factor a (Tnfa), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp1), and Il6 in NAFLD mice (relative to that in the CON group); these levels recovered following AGL9 treatment, suggesting that AGL9 effectively reduced liver inflammation in NAFLD mice. Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.