RAF1 and tongue cancer: miR-431-5p is downregulated in several types of cancer [27], having the antitumor effect by downregulating RAF1 oncogene (Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) [28], ATG3 enzyme, autophagy regulator (Autophagy Related 3) [29] and tumor-promoting ATF3 (Activating Transcription Factor 3) [30] as demonstrated in studies on lung, colon, and tongue cancers, respectively.