Increased oxidative stress, in turn, strengthens inflammation by activating NF-κB and p38 MAPK, which induce the expression of inflammatory genes such as IL-8 and TNF-α, important cytokines in COPD, leading to airway inflammation and emphysematous changes in patients’ lungs [25,26,27]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.