CCL2 and inflammatory bowel disease: MCP-1 plays an important role in many diseases, including tuberculosis, by reducing the IL-12 level, in multiple sclerosis via a correlation mechanism between MCP-1 and axon damage, as well as between MCP-1 and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) in hypertrophic astrocytes, in neovascularization of tumors via infiltrating macrophages, in inflammatory bowel disease by influencing the differentiation of intestinal macrophages, and demonstrates nociceptive activity via its effect on the depolarization of neurons [65].