TLR4 and colorectal carcinoma: While Fusobacterium Nucleatum (Fn) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CRC, Zhang et al. [42] show that Fn might play a role in CRC chemoresistance to 5-FU through activation of the TLR4/NF-kB pathway causing upregulation of BIRC3, an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein on CRC cells.