In a phase I/II trial, patients with solid tumors including OC patients were vaccinated intradermally with autologous tumor cells modified to express GM-CSF and a bifunctional short hairpin RNAi (bi-shRNAi) targeting furin convertase to downregulate endogenous transforming growth factors (TGF)-β1 and -β2 (Vigil/FANG vaccine) [145]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.