Pyocyanin may often be detected in high concentrations in the airway tissues and sputum of CF patients, where it contributes to chronic lung infection and bronchiectasis by facilitating mucus overproduction, inhibition of ciliary activity and the α1-protease inhibitor (leading to excess tissue injury), and inhibition of IL-2 expression, leading to increased IL-8 release [71]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to bronchiectasis.