TNF and neoplasm: For example, a study by Paciotti et al. [152] indicated a significant reduction in tumor volume and enhanced survival following uptaking functionalized GNPs with the combination of TNF and paclitaxel, which subsequently resulted in CYT-6091 human trials, a 27 nm GNP functionalized with recombinant human TNF-α (rhTNF) and PEG, which possess both immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects [153].