TGFB1 and angina pectoris: Our study aimed to evaluate the role of angiogenic processes in the pathogenesis of CAAD by assessing plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), Angiopoietin-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in patients with CAAD compared to those in age- and sex-matched patients with stable angina and obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), and control subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries (NCA).