TNF and COVID-19: In comparison to HC, monocytes from acute COVID-19 patients secreted higher amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL18 and CCL2 and CCL3 (the macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, MIP-1α) and lower amounts of CXCL10 (interferon gamma-induced protein IP-10) and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL1-Ra and IL-10.