AIF1 and chronic kidney disease: As previous results showed an increased expression of IL-1β and IL-18 in the hippocampus (Figure 6C), fluorescent immunohistochemistry was used to determine the inflammation type, which revealed that the microglia (Figure 7B, Iba-1 positive) and astrocytes (Figure 7C, GFAP positive) contained NLRP3 inflammasomes in the hippocampi of CKD mice.