VEGFA and cancer: In cancer cells, in addition to pro-survival signalling, the BDNF-TrkB molecular pathway induces EMT, which is associated with poor prognostic in various cancer types [108,109], may increase migration and invasion [110,111], may promote cancer cell survival and proliferation [112,113] and may increase neo-angiogenesis through increasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression [114,115].