Actually, these apparently contrasting data may reflect differences in environmental conditions (normoxia versus hypoxia) and possibly cell type [36], suggesting that HIF-1α may serve as the initial trigger of glucotoxicity under normoxia by inducing a Warburg effect, but also mediate adaptation to tissue hypoxia, which is known to play a key role in diabetes-associated end-organ damage [37,38,39]. Here, HIF1A is linked to diabetes mellitus.