Nine of the studies experimented on x-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) mice, which are considered equivalent to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with six using MSCs from humans (Siemionow M et al. (2019) [20], Pang et al. [21], Valadares et al. [22], Esper et al. [23], Siemionow M et al. (2021) [24], and Nitahara-Kashara et al. [25]), three using cells from Sprague-Dawley rats (Geng et al. [26], Li et al. [27], and Nitahara-Kashara et al. [25]), and three studies using cells from utrophin/dystrophin double knockout (dko) mice. Here, UTRN is linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.