APOA1 and coronary artery disorder: In contrast, Hovingh et al. [67], who analysed the apoA-I (L178P) gene defect, revealed lower plasma levels of apoA-I (−50%; p < 0.0001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−63%; p < 0.0001) in heterozygotes and these alterations were associated with impaired flow-mediated dilation (FMD) (p = 0.012) and elevated carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) (p < 0.001), as well 24-fold increase in CAD risk (p = 0.003).