MAPT and Alzheimer disease: Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is up-regulated in AD contributing to abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau, along with subfamilies of cytokines that are elevated, including IL-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL18, MIP-1β, S100β, MCP-1, TNF-α, which all have been shown to be related to tau phosphorylation [91].