Several integrins such as LFA-1 (CD11a CD18, αLβ2), Mac-1 (CD11b CD18, αMβ2), VLA-4 (CD49d/CD29, α4β1), and VLA-5 (CD49e/CD29, α5β1) have been shown to be upregulated after cerebral ischemia and their inhibition has been shown to confer neuroprotective effects after experimental cerebral ischemia [73]. The gene discussed is AFM; the disease is brain ischemia.