The mechanisms behind the anti-cancer and anti-metastatic activity of NDRG1 in terms of its anti-oncogenic effector activity against the TGF-β, Wnt, NFκB, PI3K/AKT, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, ERBB receptors, and the Sonic Hedgehog oncogenic signaling pathway are discussed below. Here, PIK3CD is linked to cancer.