Two non-HIF-1/2-dependent signalling pathways that may upregulate glycolysis (PI3K-Akt and c-Myc) were found to have either lower or similar expression in Hepa c4 (compared with Hepa WT) tumours, but c4 tumours were found to have a 4.5-fold higher AMP/ATP ratio as well as higher phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) activity compared to their WT counterparts [16]. This evidence concerns the gene C4A and neoplasm.