VIM and viral infectious disease: Surface VIM/vi-VIM is further used by SARS-CoV, JEV, EV-A71, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, dengue virus, H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus, Chandipura virus, and cowpea mosaic virus as a receptor or at least as a co-receptor for cell attachment and entry by endocytosis, and in many studies viral infection can be reduced or even inhibited in vitro by using antibodies against VIM presented at the cell surface [62,64,66,67,68,69,70,71].