As demonstrated by prior studies, in MPN monocytes, regardless of their mutational status, (i) secrete large amounts of cytokines, such as TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-10 [23], (ii) show impaired response to the anti-inflammatory IL-10 [32] and (iii) stimulate osteoclastogenesis [33]. Here, TNF is linked to myeloproliferative neoplasm.