TGF-β-induced NOX4 regulates oxidative stress in the liver and levels of TGF-β ligands and NOX4 are increased in fibrotic patients, both virus- and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related [121,122], as well as in mice with diet-induced steatohepatitis [122]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.