Ablation of C/EBPβ, which is generally believed to drive pro-inflammatory gene expression, unexpectedly increased serum IL-6 levels in mice upon Candida albicans inoculation [40] and did not affect expression levels of cytokines involved in macrophage activation, such as TNFα and IFNγ, in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection [41]. Here, TNF is linked to listeriosis.