TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Inflamed tissues in IBD patients are infiltrated by activated immune cells, which initiate a cascade that ultimately leads to the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-6, IL1B, IFN-Y, IL-17A, IL-12, IL-23, IL-18, and the downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as TGF-B, IL-10, IL-25, IL-33, IL-37 [138].