IL25 and Cowden disease: Shi et al. showed an inverse relationship between IL-25 and miR-31 expression in primary mouse colonic macrophages and epithelial cells, the colon of CD patients, and mouse colitis models (TNBS and IL-10 KO mice) and further confirmed via target validation studies that miR-31 targets the 3′ UTR of IL-25 mRNA [118].