KRAS and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For lung cancer patients, mainly NSCLC, treatment is still based on chemotherapy for initial stages, but in local, advanced or metastatic disease, biomarker testing for different genes (EGFR, ALK, KRAS, ROS1, BRAF, NTRK1/2/3, MET, RET and PD-L1) helps patients benefit from specifically targeted therapies (anti-EGFR, anti-ALK or anti-ROS) and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy [15].