Recent studies have also associated phosphoinositide 3-kinases with protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway activation with upregulation of Bcl-2 and caspase-3, together with the downregulation of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 with decreased tumor cell sensitivity towards 5-FU cytotoxicity [53]. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and neoplasm.