CP and diabetes mellitus: Raut et al. (2019) reported maternal smoking to have the largest PAF for CL/P among 11 modifiable risk factors including maternal age, alcohol consumption, folic acid supplementation, obesity, maternal education, diabetes, and fever. The average-adjusted PAF, taking into account the combination of modifiable risk factors and additional nonmodifiable factors (such as sex and race) acting synergistically, was 50% for CL  ±  P and 43% for CP (Raut et al., 2019).