IRF1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Mechanistically, ILF2 could promote ESCC cell growth and invasion by upregulating 14-3-3ε/Rac1/Tiam1 signaling (Wen-Jian et al., 2019), and ILF3 has been reported to participate in the process of IRF1 transcription activated by lncRNA IRF1-AS in ESCC (Huang et al., 2019).